Overweight in Sateré-Mawé indigenous residents of an urban area in Parintins, Amazonas / Sobrepeso em indígenas Sateré-Mawé residentes em área urbana de Parintins, Amazonas

ABSTRACT Objective To verify overweight prevalence in the Sateré-Mawé indigenous population over 18 years of age, residing in the city of Parintins (AM), Brazil, and to assess its associated variables. Methods Household survey performed in the urban area of Parintins in 2017, visiting new households in each interview, completing the census universe. Self-declared Sateré-Mawé, over 18 years of age, residing in the city for a period longer than one year were considered eligible. Overweight was considered for body mass index values ≥ 25 kg/m2 or ≥ 27 kg/m2, for those over 60 years of age. Household information on social assistance, as well as individual information such as speaking the indigenous language, years living in the city and also in the indigenous territory, income, work, schooling, marital status, leisure and transport physical activity level, and time watching television per week were retrieved. The hierarchical logistic model analysis was carried out, calculating the odds ratio and confidence interval (95%). Results A total of 174 subjects participated in the survey, 42% being overweight. Those who spoke the Sateré-Mawé language, number of years living in the city, working outside home and being married had a positive effect on the outcome, but lost significance in the final model. Only transport insufficient physical activity (OR=2.24, 95% CI=1.01-4.98) and being in the age group from 30 to 59 years (OR=8.79, 95% CI=3.41-22.64) maintained statistical significance. Conclusion Efforts to provide visibility to the health situation of urban indigenous populations in Brazil are necessary. Poor transport infrastructure in the city seems to favor transport physical activity levels as a necessity, in addition to age, which is commonly associated with overweight.

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar a prevalência de sobrepeso em indígenas Sateré-Mawé maiores de 18 anos de idade, residentes na cidade de Parintins (AM), Brasil, identificando as variáveis associadas. Métodos Um inquérito domiciliar foi realizado em 2017 na cidade de Parintins e identificou novos domicílios em cada entrevista, alcançando o universo censitário. Foram elegíveis os autodeclarados Sateré-Mawé maiores de 18 anos e residentes há mais de um ano na cidade. O sobrepeso foi considerado para valores de índice de massa corporal ≥25 kg/m2 ou ≥27 kg/m2 para os maiores de 60 anos de idade. Coletou-se informações domiciliares sobre bolsa família, bem como individuais como falar a língua indígena, anos morando na cidade e na terra indígena, renda, trabalho, escolaridade, estado civil, nível de atividade física no lazer e no deslocamento e tempo assistindo televisão na semana. Foi utilizado o modelo logístico hierarquizado, calculando a razão de chances e intervalo de confiança (95%). Resultados Participaram do estudo 174 pessoas no total, sendo que 42% deles estavam com sobrepeso. Falar a língua Sateré-Mawé, a quantidade de anos residindo na cidade, trabalhar fora de casa e ser casado tiveram efeito positivo no desfecho, porém perderam significância no modelo final. Somente atividade física insuficiente no deslocamento (OR=2,24 IC 95%=1,01-4,98) e a faixa etária dos 30 a 59 anos (OR=8,79 IC 95%=3,41-22,64) mantiveram-se significativas. Conclusão Esforços para dar visibilidade à situação de saúde das populações indígenas urbanas no Brasil são necessários. A fraca infraestrutura de transporte na cidade parece favorecer a atividade física no deslocamento como necessidade, além da idade, já comumente associada ao sobrepeso.

Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors among Chinese Children: Recent Trends and Correlates / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#This study was aimed at examining the trends and correlates of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors among Chinese children.@*Methods@#A total of 4,341 subjects (6,936 observations) aged 6-17 years who participated in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (2004-2015) were included. Of the subjects, 41% participated in the survey twice or more. Random-effects ordinal regression models and repeated-measures mixed-effects models were used to examine the PA trends. Quantile regression models were applied to examine the factors influencing PA and sedentary behaviors.@*Results@#From 2004 to 2015, the prevalence of physical inactivity among Chinese children aged 6-17 years increased by 5.5% [odds ratio ( @*Conclusions@#A declining PA trend among Chinese children aged 6-17 years was observed from 2004 to 2015, and certain subgroups and geographical areas are at higher risk of physical inactivity.

Riesgo cardiometabólico del sedentarismo / Cardiometabolic risk of sedentary lifestyle

Sedentary behavior is spreading among society, especially since the rise of technology and progress. The sedentary lifestyle habits are being transmitted to young people, who increase the time they spend in sedentary activities like video games or TV. It has been demonstrated that both sedentary behavior and physical inactivity have negative cardiometabolic consequences for the health, and they become a serious problem for public health, as it has been claimed in several studies and by scientific statements. This review intent to make a call of attention to this problem that will have profound impact in the near future in many countries in Latin America. (AU)

Estudio correlacional sobre la actividad física y conducta sedentaria en senderistas de Bucaramanga, Colombia / Correlational Study about Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour in Hikers from Bucaramanga, Colombia

Introducción: La inactividad física es un factor de riesgo comportamental que se define como la realización de menos de 150 minutos de actividad física a la semana de intensidad moderada, por otra parte, la conducta sedentaria hace referencia al tiempo que se permanece sentado o acostado en reposo. Objetivo: Determinar la correlación existente entre los niveles de actividad física, en cada uno de los dominios, y la conducta sedentaria de los senderistas de Bucaramanga, y área metropolitana. Métodos: Estudio correlacional realizado en 170 senderistas de Bucaramanga y área metropolitana. Las variables se analizaron en medidas de tendencia central o frecuencias según su naturaleza. Se utilizó la prueba U de Mann-Whitney para establecer diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las variables categorías y continúas de interés. Se calculó coeficiente de Pearson para establecer una posible correlación en las variables de interés. El nivel de significancia fue de p ≤ 0,05. Resultados: Se registró una prevalencia nula de inactividad física en la población de estudio. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas al analizar las medianas de actividad física en cada uno de los dominios según sexo. El dominio de mayor realización de actividad física fue el del tiempo libre. Se estableció una correlación negativa entre la conducta sedentaria y la cantidad de actividad física y el gasto energético semanal. Conclusiones: La totalidad de los senderistas encuestados son físicamente activos y cumplen ampliamente con las recomendaciones de actividad física para la salud de la OMS, además de registrar bajos niveles de conducta sedentaria. Se determinó una correlación negativa entre la conducta sedentaria y la cantidad de actividad física y el gasto energético semanal(AU)

Introduction: physical inactivity is a behavioral risk factor that is defined as the realization of less than 150 moderate intensity physical activity per week, oh the other hand, sedentary behavior has to do with the time a person spend sitting or lying down. The objective of this study was to determine if there is a correlation between physical activity levels, in each domain, and the sedentary behavior of hikers from Bucaramanga, and its metropolitan area. Methods: correlational study carried out in 170 hikers from Bucaramanga and its metropolitan area. Variables were analyzed using central tendencies measures or frequencies according to its nature. U - Mann-Whitney test was utilized to establish differences statistically significant between categorical and continuous variables of interest. Pearson coefficient was calculated to establish a possible correlation between variables of interest. Significant level was of p ≤ 0.05 Results: a non-existent prevalence of physical inactivity was registered in hikers. No differences statistically significant were found when analyzing physical activity medians in each domain according to sex. Free time was the domain in which participants reported more physical activity. A negative correlation was established between sedentary behavior and the quantity of physical activity and weekly energy expenditure. Conclusions: All hikers interviewed are physically active and widely fulfill WHO recommendations on physical activity for health, besides, participants reported low levels of sedentary behavior. A negative correlation was stablished between sedentary behavior and the quantity of physical activity and weekly energy expenditure(AU)

Influencias de alimentos, sedentarismo y estrés en la prevención del cáncer colorrectal / Influências alimentares, sedentarismo e estresse na prevenção do cancer colorrectal / Influence of foods, sedentary life and stress in the prevention of colorectal cancer

Introducción: el cáncer colorrectal se encuentra entre las principales causas de muerte en muchos países, aunque se acepta que puede prevenirse con una vigilancia oportuna y la adopción de estilos de vida saludable. Objetivo: analizar informaciones científicas sobre el papel de la alimentación, la actividad física y el estrés en la prevención del cáncer colorrectal. Método: revisión de publicaciones científicas, en español e inglés, de artículos consultados en pubmed, Redalyc, Scielo y BVsalud, hasta agosto del 2018 sobre la alimentación, la actividad física y el dominio del estrés en relación con la prevención del cáncer colorrectal. Resultados: existen informaciones sobre componentes, con capacidad para inhibir la iniciación, proliferación y metástasis del cáncer colorrectal, en alimentos como vegetales, frutas, miel y lácteos además de reportes sobre productos cárnicos y carne roja que pueden aportar sustancias asociadas con la presentación y desarrollo de este tipo de cáncer mientras las publicaciones sobre actividad física y el dominio del estrés soportan, de forma unánime, que la disminución del sedentarismo y del estrés ayudan a la prevención de la ocurrencia y la mortalidad del cáncer colorrectal. Conclusiones: en la literatura científica se identifica a la promoción de la alimentación saludable, a la actividad física y al dominio del estrés como medidas de prevención contribuyentes de la disminución del cáncer colorrectal. Las faltas de explicaciones, con evidencias suficientes sobre estos factores de protección o de riesgo, expresan la necesidad de aportes científicos para mejorar la prevención del cáncer colorrectal.

Introduction: Colorectal cancer is one of the main causes of death in many countries, although it is accepted that it can be prevented with timely control and the adoption of a healthy lifestyle. Objective: To analyze scientific information regarding the role of eating habits, physical activity and stress in the prevention of colorectal cancer. Method: Review of scientific articles, written in English and Spanish, published in pubmed, Redalyc, Scielo and BVsalud, up to August 2018 about eating habits, physical activity and stress control in relation to colorectal cancer prevention. Results: There is information about components with the ability to inhibit the onset, spread and metastasis of colorectal cancer in food such as certain vegetables, fruit, honey and dairy products; and there are also reports indicating that some kinds of meat and red meat in particular can provide substances associated with the appearance and development of this type of cancer whereas all publications about physical activity and stress control state that the reduction of sedentary life and stress help the prevention or colorectal cancer presentation and mortality. Conclusions: In scientific literature, the promotion of healthy eating habits, physical activity and stress control is identified as preventive measures contributing to the reduction of colorectal cancer The lack of explanations, with enough evidence on these protection or risk factors, expresses the need for scientific contributions to improve the prevention of colorectal cancer.

Introdução: O câncer colorretal encontra-se entre as principais causas de morte em muitos países, embora se aceite que pode ser evitado com monitoramento oportuno e adoção de estilos de vida saudáveis. Objetivo: analisar informações científicas sobre o papel da nutrição, atividade física e estresse na prevenção do câncer colorretal. Método: revisão de publicações científicas, em español e inglês, de artigos consultados em pubmed, Redalyc, Scielo e BVsalud, até agosto de 2018, sobre nutrição, atividade física e domínio do estresse em relação à prevenção do câncer colorectal. Resultados: há informações sobre componentes, com capacidade para inibir a iniciação, proliferação e metástase de câncer colorretal, em alimentos como legumes, frutas, mel e laticínios, ademais dos relatórios sobre produtos de carne e carne vermelha que pode fornecer substâncias associadas com a apresentação e desenvolvimento deste tipo de câncer, enquanto publicações sobre atividade física e apoio de domínio stress, por unanimidade, que a diminuição do sedentarismo e do estresse contribuem na prevenção da ocorrência e mortalidade do câncer colorretal. Conclusões: Na literatura científica identifica-se a promoção da alimentação saudável, atividade física e domínio do estresse como medidas contribuintes para a diminuição do câncer colorretal. A falta de explicações , com evidências suficientes sobre esses fatores de proteção ou de risco, expressam a necessidade de contribuições científicas para melhorar a prevenção do câncer colorectal.

Sedentary time and perceived neighborhood environment in adolescents aged 12-17 years / Tempo sedentário e ambiente percebido sobre o bairro em adolescentes de 12 a 17 anos

Abstract The environment around the residence could contribute to attenuate or increase time spent in sedentary activities, and in low energy expenditure activities (1.5 METS) in adolescents. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between sedentary time and perceived neighborhood environment in adolescents aged 12-17 years living in southern Brazil. This was an observational cross-sectional study conducted from August 2013 to May 2014, with a sample of adolescents (12-17 years), recruited from 32 census tracts in Curitiba, Brazil. All census tracts were selected according to walkability and income characteristics. Perceived environment was assessed through the NEWS-Y questionnaire, and sedentary time along seven days was obtained through accelerometers (GT1M, GT3x and GT3x+). Linear regression models were used to test the associations, and included age, nutritional status, socioeconomic level and education level as confounding variables. All analyses were performed considering p-value <0.05 through SPSS software 20.0. The analytical sample included 364 adolescents (girls=50.5%; mean age=14.7, SD=1.7) with valid accelerometry data, showing on 489.6 minutes/day (SD=99.5) spent in sedentary time activities. After adjusting for confounding variables, only the perception of places for walking and cycling remained associated with sedentary time for both boys (B=-23.402, p=0.016) and girls (B=-15.572; p=0.079). Perception of places for walking and cycling has an inverse relationship with sedentary time among adolescents living in places with extremes of walkability and income.

Resumo O ambiente no entrono da residência pode contribuir para atenuar ou acentuar o tempo em atividades sedentárias em adolescentes. Objetivou-se avaliar a associação entre o tempo sedentário e a percepção do ambiente sobre o bairro em adolescentes de 12 a 17 anos residentes no sul do Brasil. Este foi um estudo transversal realizado entre os meses Agosto, 2013 e Maio, 2014, em uma amostra de adolescentes, recrutados em 32 setores censitários da cidade de Curitiba-PR, Brasil. Os setores foram selecionados de acordo com as características de walkability e renda. O ambiente percebido foi avaliado com o questionário NEWS-Y. O tempo sedentário foi avaliado de maneira objetiva por meio de acelerômetros (GT1M, GT3x e GT3x+) durante sete dias consecutivos. Modelos de regressão linear foram empregados para testar as associações, sendo consideradas como variáveis de confundimento a idade, o estado nutricional, o nível socioeconômico e a escolaridade. As análises foram realizadas considerando o valor de p<0,05 através do software SPSS 20,0. A amostra analítica contou com 364 adolescentes com dados válidos de acelerômetros (meninas=50,5%; idade média=14,7 anos, DP=1,7 anos), tendo apresentando 489,6 minutos/dia (DP=99,5 minutos/dia) de tempo em atividades sedentárias. Após ajuste para as variáveis de confundimento apenas a percepção de lugares para caminhar e para pedalar manteve-se associada com tempo sedentário tanto para meninos (B=23,402; p=0,016) quanto para meninas (B=-15,572; p=0,079). A percepção de locais para caminhar e pedalar tem relação inversa com tempo sedentário entre adolescentes residentes em locais com extremos de walkability nível socioeconômico.

Niveles de sedentarismo en estudiantes universitarios de pregrado en Colombia / Sedentary lifestyles among Health Sciences undergraduate students of Colombia

Introducción: En la actualidad, el sedentarismo es un comportamiento relacionado con múltiples enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y enfermedades cardiovasculares. Este comportamiento cada día se hace más prevalentes entre adolescentes y personas jóvenes como consecuencia del estilo de vida moderno. Objetivo: Determinar los niveles de sedentarismo en estudiantes universitarios de pregrado. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en estudiantes pertenecientes a la facultad de salud de la Universidad de Pamplona, Colombia, con matrícula activa durante el primer periodo académico de 2016. Participaron 346 alumnos que aceptaron de forma voluntaria responder el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física para Adultos versión corta, aparentemente sanos y sin diagnóstico de enfermedad o discapacidad que le impidiera realizar actividad física regular. La edad promedio del grupo era de 18,9 años Resultados: La prevalencia de sedentarismo en la muestra fue de 42,77 por ciento. Los estudiantes del departamento de medicina fueron los más activos físicamente y los estudiantes de enfermería los más sedentarios. No se observó diferencia entre hombres y mujeres. Conclusiones: El nivel de sedentarismo encontrado en este estudio es alto. Es necesario implementar nuevas estrategias que animen a las personas a desarrollar estilos de vida más saludables(AU)

Introduction: Nowadays, sedentarism is a behavior related to multiple non-transmissible chronic and cardiovascular diseases. This behavior every day is getting more prevalence among adolescent and young people due to modern lifestyles. Objective: This study aims to determine the levels of sedentarism among undergraduate university students. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in students of the Health Sciences Faculty at Universidad de Pamplona, Colombia, and these students were active roll during the first academic period of 2016. 346 students participated and they accepted voluntarily to answer the International Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adults (IPAQ-A) short version. They were apparently healthy and without a diagnosis of any condition or disability that hamper them to do regular physical activity. The average age of this group was 18,9 years old. Results: The prevalence of sedentarism in the sample was 42,77 percent, being the students of Medicine Department the most physically active, and the students of Nursing Department the most sedentary. There were not any differences among males and females. Conclusions: Sedentarism levels found in undergraduate university students is high, therefore it is necessary to implement new strategies that encourage people to develop healthier lifestyles(AU)

Associação entre nível de autoestima e tempo de atividades sedentárias em adolescentes / Association between self-esteem level and time of sedentary activities in teenagers / Asociación entre niveles de autoestima y tiempo de actividades sedentarias en adolescentes

Objetivou-se associar o nível de autoestima com o tempo de atividades sedentárias em adolescentes. A amostra foi composta por 98 sujeitos, com média de 16,7±1,2 anos. Utilizaram-se dois instrumentos: Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg e o questionário IPAQ. Empregaramse medidas de tendência central, de dispersão e o modelo de regressão linear, construído através da Análise de Covariância (ANCOVA), com α de 0,05. A ANCOVA obteve ajuste significativo (F(4,777); p=0,003; R2 ajustado=0,105), indicando que a autoestima baixa elevou o sedentarismo em relação à autoestima elevada (p=0,04; ß=87,54(IC95%=0,30­174,77) min./dia). Conclui-se que a autoestima se associou ao sedentarismo, portanto, ações de saúde integradas poderão ser mais eficientes.

The article aimed to associate the self-esteem level with the time of sedentary activities among teenagers. The sample consisted of 98 individuals, with an average age of 16.7±1.2 years. Two instruments were used: Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale and the IPAQ questionnaire. The research employed measurement of central tendency, of dispersion and also the model of lineal regression, built through the Covariance Analysis (ANCOVA), with α of 0.05. The ANCOVA obtained significant adjustment (F(4.777); p=0.003; adjusted R2=0.105), indicating that the low self-esteem elevated the sedentarism ­ in comparison with high self-esteem (p=0.04; ß=87.54(CI95%=0.30­174.77) min./day). It was concluded that the self-esteem was associated to sedentarism, therefore, integrated health actions would be more efficient.

Se objetivó asociar el nivel de autoestima con el tiempo de actividades sedentarias en adolescentes. La muestra fue compuesta por 98 sujetos, con medio de 16,7±1,2 años. Se utilizó dos instrumentos: Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg y cuestionario IPAQ. Se usó medidas de tendencia central, de dispersión y el modelo de regresión linear, construido a través del Análisis de Covarianza (ANCOVA), con α de 0,05. El ANCOVA obtuvo ayuste significativo (F(4,777); p=0,003; R2 ajustado=0,105), indicando que la autoestima baja elevó el sedentarismo en relación a la autoestima elevada (p=0,04; ß=87,54(IC95%=0,30­174,77) min./día). Se concluyó que, la autoestima se asoció con el tiempo de actividades sedentarias, por lo tanto, acciones de salud integradas podrán ser más eficientes.

Use of combined method, accelerometer and international physical activity questionnaire, to determinate occurence of physical inactivity in adults

Abstract Aim Evaluate and compare the proportion of PI and associated factors by IPAQ questionnaire, triaxial accelerometry and the combination of both. Adults aged ( 18 years were enrolled (n = 250). Methods We considered PI as < 600 MET-min/wk in the IPAQ total score, < 150 min/wk of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in 7 days accelerometry, and the combination of both criteria. Clinical assessment, spirometry, cardiopulmonary exercise test, bioelectrical impedance, isokinetic dynamometry, postural balance, and six-minute walk test were also performed. For participants practicing aquatic, martial arts or cycling, only the IPAQ criterion was considered. Results Proportions of PI were significantly different among methods (IPAQ, 10%; accelerometry, 20%; combination, 25%). After multivariate logistic regressions, PI was determined by age, sex, educational level, risk factors for cardiovascular disease, lean body mass, cardiorespiratory fitness, and postural balance. Conclusion Thus, the combined method for determining PI and associated factors in adults showed great validity, indicating that questionnaires and accelerometers are complementary and should be utilized in combination in epidemiological studies.(AU)

Screen time between Portuguese and Brazilian children: a cross-cultural study

Abstract AIMS To verify differences in screen time (ST) (hours watching TV, using computer and/or video game) and to compare the percentage of meeting ST recommendation between Portuguese and Brazilian children. METHODS The sample comprised 369 children aged 9 year-old from Portugal (n=95) and Brazil (n=274). ST average (h/day), physical activity (PA) and socioeconomic status (SES) were estimated by parental-report questionnaire. The Student t test or the Mann-Whitney U test and binary logistic regression analysis were used to verify differences and associations on ST (<2h/day) between cities. All analyses were stratified by gender and adjusted for age, BMI, PA and SES. RESULTS The prevalence of meet ST recommendation was 66.7% and 55.3% between Portuguese girls and boys and 25.0% and 16.4%between Brazilian girls and boys. Portuguese girls (1.58±0.84vs3.40 ± 1.76h/day, p<0.05) and boys (1.74 ± 1.18 vs 4.20 ± 2.30 h/day, p<0.05) had significantly less ST than their Brazilian counterparts. Brazilian girls (OR=7.593; p=0.0001) as well as Brazilian boys (OR=6.564; p=0.0001) were more likely to do not meet ST recommendation, compared with their Portuguese counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Portuguese children were approximately seven times more likely to meet ST recommendation than Brazilian children. Differences between countries should be considered in public policy strategies to reduce ST.(AU)

Tiempo libre, sedentarismo y salud en adolescentes ecuatorianos / Leisure, sedentary lifestyle and health in Ecuadorian teenagers

Introduction: The study of leisure not only favors an approach to the time dedicated to non-working activities, but also to relate recreational habits with levels associated to physical inactivity and health. Objective: This research paper focuses on the evaluation of leisure (active and passive) of Ecuadorian adolescents and their relationship with the existing level of physical inactivity. Methods: To this end, the Ecuadorian reality was adapted into a survey of Leisure, similar to the ages studied, applied in countries like Colombia, Cuba, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay; and PAQ-A (Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents) internationally used and validated. It was taken a sample of 429 students aged 12-13 years, 438 (14-15 years) and 430 (16-17 years), obtaining a sample size of 1 297 students from Colegio Nacional Juan de Salinas. Results: The results show that in their leisure students dedicate 47.16 percent to passive activities with a predominant use of technology, listen to music and watch TV; 19,91 percent to dynamic activities with a predominance of walking, going to the disco and sports. Conclusion: It is shown that the misuse of leisure is favouring a marked physical inactivity in adolescents, laying the foundation for the subsequent design of a program of physical and recreational activities according to the socio-economic, historical and cultural conditions of the Ecuadorian mountain range(AU)

Introducción: el estudio del tiempo libre, no solo posibilita conocer el tiempo dedicado en la realización de actividades no laborales, si no permite correlacionar los hábitos recreativos del sujeto con los niveles asociados de sedentarismo y salud. Objetivo: la presente investigación se enfoca en la evaluación del tiempo libre activo y pasivo de adolescentes ecuatorianos, y su relación con el nivel de sedentarismo existente. Métodos: para ello, se adecuó a la realidad ecuatoriana una encuesta de Tiempo Libre similar para las edades estudiadas, aplicadas en países como Colombia, Cuba, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay; y el PAQ-A (Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents) utilizados y validados internacionalmente. Se estudia una muestra entre los 12-13 años de 429 estudiantes, entre 14-15 años de 438 estudiantes, y entre los 16-17 años a 430 estudiantes, obteniendo un tamaño de muestra de 1297 estudiantes pertenecientes al Colegio Nacional Juan de Salinas. Resultados: los resultados demuestran que en el tiempo libre los estudiantes realizan un 47,16 por ciento de actividades pasivas con un predominio del uso de tecnología, escuchar música y ver televisión; y el19,91 por ciento actividades dinámicas con un predominio de pasear, ir a la discoteca y hacer deporte. Conclusiones: se demuestra que el mal uso del tiempo libre está incidiendo en un marcado sedentarismo en los adolescentes, sentando las bases para el diseño ulterior de un programa de actividades físico-recreativas adecuadas a los condicionantes socio-económico, históricos y culturales de la sierra ecuatoriana(AU)

Barreras percibidas en jóvenes universitarios para realizar actividad física / Perceived barriers in university students to physical activity practice

Introducción: en la actualidad, el alto nivel de sedentarismo en población joven es un problema mundial de salud pública. En consecuencia, es necesario adquirir mayor conocimiento sobre las barreras percibidas que hacen que las personas no sean activas. Objetivo: identificar el nivel de actividad física en estudiantes universitarios y su relación con las barreras percibidas para realizarla. Métodos: estudio transversal realizado en el 2014 en la ciudad de Cali, Colombia, en una muestra de 155 estudiantes entre los 18 y 27 años, de una universidad privada. Se utilizó el cuestionario International Physical Activity Questionnaire, versión corta en español y el Barriers to Being Active Quiz. Resultados: el 75 por ciento ercentde los estudiantes notificaron un nivel alto o moderado de actividad física y el 25 por ciento, bajo nivel de actividad física. El gasto calórico derivado de la actividad física vigorosa fue mayor en hombres, el gasto derivado de la actividad física moderada fue similar entre hombres y mujeres; las mujeres declararon estar sentadas mayor tiempo. Se encontró que las principales barreras en quienes registraron un nivel bajo de actividad física fueron la falta de tiempo y de voluntad. Conclusiones: la mayoría de los estudiantes realiza actividad física. Un cuarto de la población de estudiantes es sedentaria. Para promover mayores niveles de actividad física, las instancias encargadas de la promoción de estilos de vida saludables en universidades como la evaluada, deben abordar el problema del sedentarismo a través de estrategias que les permitan a estos jóvenes manejar barreras como la falta de tiempo y de fuerza de voluntad(AU)

Introduction: the high level of sedentary lifestyle in young people is currently a global public health problem. Therefore, it is necessary to gain more knowledge about perceived barriers in non-active people. Objective: to identify the physical activity level in college students and their relationship with the perceived barriers to it.v Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014 in a sample of 155 students aged 18 to 27 years from a private college in Cali, Colombia. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), short Spanish version and the Barriers to Being Active Quiz (BBAQ) were used as assessment tools. Results: in this group, 75 percent of students had a high or moderate physical activity level whereas 25 percent exhibited a low level. Caloric waste from strong physical activity was higher in men, caloric output from moderate physical activity was similar between men and women and women remained seated for longer time. It was found that the main barriers for those who recorded lower physical activity levels were lack of time and lack of willingness to practice physical activity. Conclusions: most of the students practice physical activity. A quarter of the student population has sedentary habits. The university authorities interested in promoting healthy lifestyles should face sedentary behavior problems through strategies that lead students to manage their barriers such as perceived lack of time and lack of willingness(AU)

Gene cloning, expression, and characterization of the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PS35 lipase

Abstract Lipases are enzymes of immense industrial relevance, and, therefore, are being intensely investigated. In an attempt to characterize lipases at molecular level from novel sources, a lipase gene from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PS35 was cloned, heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli DH5α cells and sequenced. It showed up to 98% homology with other lipase sequences in the NCBI database. The recombinant enzyme was then purified from E. coli culture, resulting in a 19.41-fold purification with 9.7% yield. It displayed a preference for long-chain para-nitrophenyl esters, a characteristic that is typical of true lipases. Its optimum pH and temperature were determined to be 8.0 and 40 °C, respectively. The half-lives were 2.0, 1.0 and 0.5 h at 50 °C, 60 °C and 70 °C, respectively. The metal ions K+ and Fe3+ enhanced the enzyme activity. The enzyme displayed substantial residual activity in the presence of various tested chemical modifiers, and interestingly, the organic solvents, such as n-hexane and toluene, also favored the enzyme activity. Thus, this study involves characterization of B. amyloliquefaciens lipase at molecular level. The key outcomes are novelty of the bacterial source and purification of the enzyme with desirable properties for industrial applications.

Perfil epidemiológico de pacientes submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico de varizes de membros inferiores / Epidemiologic profile of the patients underwent varicose vein surgery of the lower limbs

CONTEXTO: A Doença Venosa Crônica (DVC) dos membros inferiores apresenta uma alta prevalência, estando a cirurgia para cura das varizes dos membros inferiores entre as mais frequentemente realizadas pelos cirurgiões vasculares. Apesar disso, não foi estabelecido, na cidade de Recife e zona metropolitana, o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes que são submetidos a essa modalidade terapêutica. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes suubmetidos à cirurgia para a cura das varizes dos membros inferiores. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 201 pacientes submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico de varizes dos membros inferiores, no Serviço de Cirurgia Vascular no Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira (IMIP), no período de agosto de 2006 a abril de 2007. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: sexo, idade, sedentarismo, sobrepeso e obesidade, e presença de ortostatismo prolongado durante atividade laboral. RESULTADOS: Do total de pacientes avaliados, 175 (87,1%) eram do sexo feminino e 26 (12,9%) do masculino. A faixa etária mais acometida foi a de 41 a 50 anos (32,3%), o sobrepeso estava presente em 38,8% dos pacientes, e a obesidade em 7,5% dos casos. O ortostatismo prolongado, durante a atividade laboral, estava presente em 82,1% dos pacientes avaliados. O grau de escolaridade mais comum, observado em 83,2% dos pacientes, foi de até oito anos de tempo de estudo. O sedentarismo foi encontrado em 69,2% dos pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: A maioria dos pacientes avaliados no presente estudo era do sexo feminino com idade maior que 40 anos, era sedentária e não apresentava sobrepeso ou obesidade, e desenvolvia atividades laborais com ortostatismo prolongado.

BACKGROUND: The Chronic Venous Insufficiency of lower limbs has a high prevalence, and its surgical treatment is one of the most performed. Even so, it has not been reported the epidemiologic profile of the patients that has been underwent to this surgery in the city of Recife. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this report was evaluate the epidemiologic profile of the patients underwent to varicose vein surgery of the lower limbs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: They were evaluated 201 patients underwent to varicose vein surgery of the lower limbs at the Vascular Surgery Service at the Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira (IMIP) from august 2006 to april 2007. All the patients were evaluated considering the gender, age, sedentarism, overweight, obesity and the report of long-time in a standing position during work shift. RESULTS: Over all patients evaluated, 175 (87.1%) were females and 26 (12.9%) males. The majority of them (32.3%) were aged from 41 to 50 years, overweight was found in 38.8% of the patients, and obesity in 7.5% of the cases. Long time standing during work shift was reported by 82.1% of the patients, and the time at the school, found in 83.2% of the patients, was eight or less years. Sedentarism was found in 69.2% of the patients. CONCLUSION: The majority of the patients evaluated in the present study was female and more than 40 years-old, reported sedentarism, did not have overweight or obesity and reported to stay a long-time in a standing position during work shift.

Associação entre comportamento sedentário e fatores psicossociais e ambientais em adolescentes da região nordeste do Brasil / Association between sedentary behavior and psychosocial factors and environmental among adolescents from northeastern Brazil

Comportamento sedentário é o termo utilizado para caracterizar um conjunto de atividades com gasto energético próximo aos valores de repouso e normalmente realizadas na posição sentada. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a associação entre comportamento sedentário e fatores psicossociais (atitude, autoeficácia, apoio social para a prática de atividade física) e ambientais (percepção das características do ambiente) em adolescentes da região Nordeste do Brasil. Trata-se de estudo epidemiológico transversal, de base escolar, com amostra representativa de adolescentes de ensino médio de 14 a 19 anos de idade (n= 2859; 57,8% do sexo feminino). O comportamento sedentário foi mensurado por questionário auto-administrado (horas por dia assistindo à televisão ? categorizado de forma dicotômica: ?2h/dia e >2h/dia). Os fatores psicossociais (atitude, autoeficácia, apoio social para a prática de atividade física) e ambientais (acesso e atratividade dos locais para prática de atividade física, segurança e infraestrutura do bairro) foram mensurados por escalas previamente testadas. O escore de cada escala foi tratado por meio de tercis. Os resultados da análise multivariável indicaram uma associação inversa e significativa entre atitude em relação à atividade física e adoção de comportamento sedentário. Adolescentes com atitudes mais positivas em relação à atividade física apresentaram menor chance de passar mais de duas horas por dia assistindo à televisão (masculino ? OR= 0,62; IC95%: 0,40-0,95; feminino ? OR= 0,63; IC95%: 0,44-0,90). Desenvolver e reforçar atitudes positivas em relação às atividades físicas poderá contribuir para a redução no tempo que os jovens despendem nos comportamentos sedentários, particularmente, tempo em frente à televisão.

Sedentary behavior refers to activities that do not increase energy expenditure higher than resting levels, usually performed in sitting position. This study examined the associations of psychosocial factors (attitude, self-efficacy, social support for physical activity) and environmental (perception of environmental characteristics) with sedentary behavior among adolescents from Northeastern Brazil. The sample comprised 2859 adolescents aged 14 to 19 years (57.8% females) enrolled in private or public secondary schools in the municipality of João Pessoa, Northeastern Brazil. Sedentary behavior was measured by standardized selfadministered questionnaire, included questions about the hours a day watching television. The cutoff used to define sedentary behavior individually >2h/day. The following psychosocial and environmental characteristics were measures: attitude, self-efficacy, social support from parents and friends for physical activity and perception of environmental characteristics. The score of each scale was treated by tertiles. Multivariate analysis showed a significant inverse association between adolescents? attitudes regarding to physical activity and sedentary behavior television. Adolescents with more positive attitudes regarding physical activity were less likely to spend more than two hours per day watching television (male - OR = 0.62, 95%CI: 0.40-0.95; female - OR = 0.63, 95%CI: 0.44-0.90). Develop and reinforce positive attitudes to physical activity may be providing a reduction in time spent in sedentary behaviors by adolescents, particularly television time.

Síndrome metabólico / Metabolic syndrome

La enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica (ECVA) corresponde a la principal causa de muerte a nivel mundial. En Venezuela, junto con la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) son responsables de un tercio del total de las muertes del país. El síndrome metabólico (SMet) comprende un conglomerado de factores de riesgo que aumentan las posibilidades para el desarrollo de estas dos entidades, su aparición está asociada a la presencia de un exceso de grasa corporal y un estilo de vida sedentario. Se estima que un tercio de la población cursa con SMet. Las diferentes definiciones aplicadas dificultan la comparación entre regiones. El valor pronóstico del SMet varía acorde a la definición aplicada y los criterios que lo conformen, en general, su presencia duplica el riesgo de ECVA comparado con aquellos que no lo presentan, e incrementa hasta 5 veces el riesgo de aparición de DM2. La necesidad diagnóstica del SMet es controversial, debido a que su manejo se fundamenta en la resolución de cada uno de los elementos presentes de forma independiente...

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease(ASCVD) is a high worldwide mortality cause. In Venezuela, it is, with diabetes type 2, the third cause of deaths. The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities associated with an increased risk for these entities, excess body fat and sedentary life style. It is estimated that one third of the population has MetS. Comparison between regions is difficult because many different diagnosis criteria are applied. The prognostic value of metabolic syndrome varies according to the definition and criteria used. In general, the MetS confers an 2-fold increase in relative risk for ASCVD events, and in individuals without established DM2, an 5-fold increase in risk for developing DM2 as compared with people without the syndrome. The need for the diagnosis of MetS is controversial, because its management is based on the resolution of each of it´s components independently...

Prevalence and awareness of cardiovascular disease including life styles in a lower middle class urban community in an Asian country

The emerging Cardiovascular Diseases are becoming leading cause of death in the developing countries. The incidence of coronary heart disease in Pakistan is not well established. The aim was to report the prevalence of coronary heart disease in an urban Pakistani Community and to evaluate the awareness of coronary heart disease and to determine life styles of the community. Metroville a suburb of Karachi was selected, it has 4296 household population. After open invitation 398 households agreed to participate in an intervention study. The data obtained at baseline is basis of this report. Subjects >/= 18 years age were 1078 while 382 males and 343 females were > 30 years age. Physical exam height, weight, BMI, ECG, waist circumference, blood pressure were determined. Questionnaire was administered to evaluate life styles and awareness in face to face interviews. Household data showed 1.24 families per household with 3.98 adults and 4.26 children. Uneducated were 27.5% while 26.3% had 10 years as more schooling. Most had job. By history the prevalence of heart attack was 8.2% in women and 4.5% in men, Over all 6.2%, Stroke 2.6, hypertension 26.7% and diabetes 9.5%. Abnormal ECG suggesting myocardial infarction or ishaemia prevalence rate was 4.4 percent, awareness that heart attack was major problem was reported in 40% men and 25% women who strongly agreed while 31% men and 35% agreed that heart attack can not be prevented. Food and its linkage to coronary heart disease showed majority were aware of organ meat, fat and obesity linkage to coronary heart disease. Physical activity was mostly confined to walking stairs at home and shopping trips. Tobacco was used by 34.3% men and 6.2% women. Coronary heart disease prevalence was significant in an urban Karachi community and the prevalence had increased over the past decades. Smoking, obesity were prevalent. The community had sedentary life style